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In our world. The speed

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and temple of modern living are increasing
at an ever Excel orating rate without

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organization without system.

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The result would be chaos our control
over a bewildering environment has been

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facilitated by new techniques of handling
vast amounts of data at incredible speed

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the tool which has made this possible is
a high speed digital computer operating

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with electronic perception on
great quantities of information.

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There are many indications

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that data processing systems have
permeated our society transportation

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insurance and banking depend
on computerized accounting

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and control national credit card systems
have been made possible by large scale

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data processing techniques
techniques that are growing

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and spreading throughout the National
Economic Scene inventory control by data

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processing computers and
able distributors of goods

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and materials to maintain their
stocks at optimum levels

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and thus the ancient laws of supply

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and demand are adapted to the just except
computer programs at electronic speeds

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data processing is also
involved in the manufacture

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and distribution of various forms of energy
as in the automated refinery where step

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by step process is our computer controlled
the emergence of large systems has been

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a central feature of modern times made
possible only by the development of high

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speed data processing one of the largest
of these systems is the Air Defense

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Command Continental defense
network of surveillance detection

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and destruction which must be trained
and exercised in peacetime. And that's.

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Cruel consequence of the increased emphasis
being placed on large scale systems is

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that groups of people are drawn together
to attend to the professional requirements

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of such systems.

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One of the largest groups
of systems specialists is

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that System Development Corporation Santa
Monica California with the Eastern

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facilities at Lexington Massachusetts Paramus
New Jersey and Falls Church Virginia.

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In this corporation devoted
to the public welfare

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and security are employed over three
thousand people of diversified skills

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and talents in the development of
large military and civilian systems.

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The major task is to extend and augment
human judgment human imagination

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and human intuition by means of high
speed electronic digital computers

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and interdisciplinary team approaches
followed in attacking system problems there

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is close interaction among mathematicians
training specialists computer programmers

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engineers and other systems specialists.

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Although the corporation is not engaged in
the manufacture of equipment engineering

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support utilizing precision equipment
developed prototype models of specialized

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electronic devices.

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Let us see how a production team goes
about the business of producing system

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materials

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that particular example we have chosen is
the sage system training program of the

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Air Defense Command. It is vital

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that this air defense network operate
effectively in any future wartime situation.

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However short of real war adequate training
of these crews against actual aircraft

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and missiles would be enormously
difficult and prohibitively expensive.

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The answer to this problem is the simulation
of enemy air attacks in a regular

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schedule providing training which is
realistic controllable and economical.

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In order to produce a system to
train a system a production model

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or scheme must first be devised
this requires the skills of say.

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Then analysts human factor
specialists mathematicians

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and computer programmers who evaluated each
step of the proposed production model.

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We can program them are
right I think the time

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and effort expended in programming would
be purely to permit applying online

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complexity and a number of
course so these algorithms

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and once the model has been built

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and the programs have been written
diagnostic test problems are constructed to

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check out the operation of the programs
prior to full scale production using

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hypothetical but realistic data.

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Constructing

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and testing the production model must be
completed before the making of training

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exercises. And coming
into Washington. Right.

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OK time at the turn in addition training
a large system requires in advance a

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complete picture of the environment
in which it is to operate.

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Researchers must obtain exact specifications
on a host of environmental factors

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which for the sage system training program
includes such information as coverage of

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radar stations air defense boundaries
Airways with location identifiers

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missile and fighter interceptor bases

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and the prevailing weather condition in
the area a train meteorologist gathers

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weather information extending back for
a period of years for each area to be

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trained

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and understanding of such weather situations
is an important element in system

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training program exercises

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when the exercise is run by Air Force crews
the real weather prevailing at the time

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will influence the defensive tactics
employed this meticulous detail research is

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carried out for all Fact is necessary
to provide a rich fund of pertinent

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background information such
as radar and boundaries.

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Even. If you read them minutes.

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One hundred twenty.

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Agrees even though

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they are two forty three thirty minutes
one hundred twenty five degrees even

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from there to forty six degrees in minutes
twenty four degrees thirty minutes

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specialists in operational procedures in
related military defense systems gather

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information on the environment in
which training exercises will be run.

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Well that's probably what they're
referring to. Conversations with.

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Think you can get a little bit more
formalized than your data must be corrected

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analyzed

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and correlated with other known facts to
form an accurate picture of the situation

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which will be current when the
exercises will be conducted.

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Gathering simulation data requires people
who are experts in their fields such as

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this X.

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Naval combat patrol plane commander he has had
firsthand experience with the characteristics

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of military aircraft.

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Angles a complete picture of the environment
for system training program exercises

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includes the results of surveys of air
traffic which will affect the air defense

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installation being trained.

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Also accurate data must be recorded for
the various boundaries both civilian

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and military which may affect the
identification and flight paths of aircraft

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and thus the work of gathering

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and recording of background information
continues to provide a fund of knowledge

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for the production of realistic training
exercises with such a background the

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actual work on system training exercises
can now begin as the work of many people

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is coordinated in a tight production
schedule meetings are held with Air Force

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officers who outline the training needs for
which exercises will be produced these

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meetings bring together System
Development Corporation feel.

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It is simulation data people with their
background of environmental information

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formulators who will help plan the problem

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and military personnel the ultimate users
of the training programs who specified to

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System Development Corporation Representatives
the overall training goals which

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should be met

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and agreement is reached on how these goals
will be accomplished if the formulators

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must not take the basic plans

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and begin to conceive the problem of the
subs coming up in through here in the

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early part of the hour.

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It will take care of the twenty six
until early main oceanic attack come in

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when they get just within the D.C.

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Type coverage they launch their
Sams this is just inside

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and just outside solely first hours
taking up your high speed aircraft your

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subconscious with these missiles are
only getting the coastal targets

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and at the coastal targets here.

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The general outlines of a training problem
as prepared by the formulators may be

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compared to an architect's sketch.

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Now

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that sketch must be taken to the problem designers
will make them into working blueprints.

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So the problem is explained to
the designers by the formulator.

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The military will see will be a complete
and unified problem the only thing

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that they will not see will not
affect the octal crackers there

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but in the initial conditions Dick will
change the entire configuration boundary

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configuration not necessarily reflect down
on the tracks its particular area here

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with the AWB

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and I think you see it
better for the map here.

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The locations here. You
seem to be picked up by.

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Or as being a vessel of station there at
a time problem designers must now big.

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In the task of producing the
detailed working documents. Years.

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Designers

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and the technicians take the general
system stresses in this case air raids

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and translate them into specific flight.

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Your first hours.

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This will mean drawing up the detailed
computer manuscripts must be done for each

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individual aircraft flight noting its
specific speed altitude course turn points

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and many more specifications to
make the flight conform to reality.

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For eighty four thousand
Kramer's nation down here

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by preparing manuscripts for processing
by the computer involves checking of

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thousands of items.

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J J space safety.

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Jim I need the number
of aircraft for S.R.M.

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Find forty three call in time for
initial report is sixteen all four X.

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Four.

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Not all of the training aids are produced
by the computer some non Grogram days

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must be scripted by system
training specialist.

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These inputs may enter the system to be
trained as telephone messages read by

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simulation personnel from Brett Baird
script supplied in training packages.

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Fact that they came down to two thousand

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and eight altitude training more

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and more of this work is being automated
from punch card inputs map coordinates can

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be read into a map

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or plotter which then actually draws flights
on a map from point to point replacing

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the time consuming hand method used
by cartographers training a system

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which extends over the whole of the no.

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Amount of incontinent involves recording
the exact locations of thousands of

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geographical points a machine has been
developed for this ystem Development

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Corporation to reduce the man hours of work
formally required for this tedious job.

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The large area record reader is an
electronic device which can read maps the

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operator indicates a certain location on
the map such as the point where a flight

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crosses an air defense boundary

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and the machine automatically measures the
coordinates to the nearest Thousands of

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an inch on the map and either type them
on an electric typewriter as a printout.

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Or record the location of the point on
punched cards when all the planning

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and coordinating

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and writing are done the system training
exercises in the form of a stack of

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manuscripts ready for processing by a high
speed digital computer which is used as

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an on line production tool the computer
manuscripts into the computer by way of a

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data flow room in which each
document is given a number

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and logged in to meet
a production deadline

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and thus system training exercise begins
its trip through the computer phase of the

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production process. One of the
first requirements is to make sure

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that the manuscripts are in the
proper form to enter the computer

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that all aircraft flights and other data.

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Are specified in language
the computer can accept

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and with the acceptance of the manuscripts
machine production begins think cause a

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digital computer is used raw
data must be converted to digits

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or individual holes on punch cards.

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Says the key punch machine operates something
like a typewriter with the operator

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transcribing information from computer
manuscripts on a keyboard causing sequences

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of holes to be punched in the proper
places on the standard I.B.M. Cards.

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In order to protect.

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And costly mistakes punched cards are
verified by a card reader which enables

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another operator to compare the
cards with the original manuscript

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that all the information on the card can
be fed into the computer the cards must be

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sorted according to their destination

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and the kinds of operations
which are going to be performed

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as a check on the sorting
the cards are called needed

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and every card is in its proper place.

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Re recorded magnetic tapes stored in a tape
library used in addition to the punched

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cards to produce training exercises
information on a tape may be concerned with

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fixed data such as the
location of radar sites

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or the date making pain the computer program
routines which actually process the

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data all these are fed into the computer's
memory the high speed digital computer

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is a multi-purpose instrument.
When it finishes work on one job.

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It is set up to begin producing a system
training exercise its controls are reset

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and all circuits in memory banks are ready
to begin frosting the data which has

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been fitted the actual computations
are over in a matter of minutes

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and then the results are
recorded on magnetic tapes

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and from the tapes to punch cards in doing
up with literally thousands of fungi

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cards as well as a new set of
magnetic tapes a translation

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machine must convert from one computer
language to another in order to enable the

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output of the production computer to be
accepted by the military computer in the

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field resulting in a problem input tape
which contains the synthetic flights which

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will stress a section of
the Air Defense Command.

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Another way of presenting stimulus
inputs to the system being trained is by

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photographing the simulated aircraft flight
on seventy millimeter motion picture

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film which

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when run through a special device at
radar sites will electronically simulate

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realistic aircraft blips on radar
scopes magnetic tape produced by the

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computer contain the data on specific flight
which you know will be photographed on

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film special equipment has been designed
to make the transfer from magnetic tape to

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photographic film this specialized
electronic equipment was designed by System

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Development Corporation engineers
and most of it was built in S.V.C.

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Laboratories the film produced by this
equipment can simulate aircraft flight

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supplementing magnetic tape inputs

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and it can also simulate electronic
jamming for training purposes in

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order to observe our simulated air raid
will look before it is photographed it is

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possible to play the magnetic tape

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and examine the patterns of flight on a
capital rate due to our air attack played

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from a magnetic tape can be speeded up

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and checked in forty seconds
hostile raided for their targets.

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Break formation rendezvous
with other aircraft.

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Such might be the picture an operator sees
on his radar scope during the exercise

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that is not an outpost in Alaska.

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When the seventy millimeter film has been
exposed to the cathode ray tube picture.

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It is processed in a modified motion picture
film developing machine the process is

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continuous

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and automatic Thus from puns.

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Guards two magnetic film two spots of light
on photographic film the simulated air

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attacks move through the production process
the light transmission through sampled

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spots on the film representing blips of
aircraft are checked with a microscope to

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ensure

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that the end result on a radar scope will
appear realistic to Air Force crews in

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addition the relative location of samples
spots on the film must be checked to make

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sure

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that they are in the proper place at the
proper time as specified by the problem

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designers at the same time the punch cards
also provide material for other training

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aids such as teletype tapes carrying reports
of enemy planes penetrating the outer

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boundaries.

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Reports which will appear to have been
teletypes from early warning stations.

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Other I.B.M.

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Electric accounting machines are modified
to process still more system training

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materials the computer
has produced the cards

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and no accounting machinery will
be used not to process payrolls

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or update credit balances.

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But to perform as system production
tools data on cards is converted into

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symbols on preprinted maps other cards
are used to produce reference lists of

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crucial facts

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and figures constantly

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recurring information is fed in
by a punch paper control looks

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such as on the machine which prints system
training program simulated sex strike

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groups.

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Multiple copies are
automatically separated

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and stacked in orderly
piles in the binary.

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And finally the pages are bound into the
system training booklets which are fast

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becoming familiar to
airmen around the world.

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All production materials must pass a rigorous
quality control series of inspections.

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It is in quality control that the final
product is carefully examined to see

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that it contains the problem content
as specified in the original computer

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manuscripts as well as satisfying the
intention of the problem designers.

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Although most of the checking

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and cross-checking is done automatically
by the machines still human judgment is

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called upon for the final inspection
to ensure compatibility of materials

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and to preserve the integrity of the
simulation all the materials necessary for a

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complete system training exercise present
an imposing picture as they enter the

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shipping room for a final
check or distribution

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00:21:00,64 --> 00:21:05,16
and then each problem package is assembled
for shipment to all parts of the Air

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Defense Command seventy
millimeter film magnetic tape

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and all the printed scripts and A

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and list send maps all the materials
necessary to provide a complete training

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exercise package their aides to provide
simulated air attacks for realistic

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00:21:24,99 --> 00:21:30,29
training of a defense Cruise exercising
this large man machine organization

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requires a regular schedule of
problems will be increasing difficulty

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and thus the North American Air Defense
Command utilizes the most advanced concepts

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in system technology computer
oriented control systems

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and simulated air attacks in its system
training program to fashion a powerful

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weapon of defense experience gained in such
a large scale military application has

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implications for new uses
of system technology among.

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00:22:00,00 --> 00:22:02,06
These uses are the current S.T.C.

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00:22:02,06 --> 00:22:04,28
Project assistant to the designing

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00:22:04,28 --> 00:22:08,96
and programming of the Strategic Air
Command Control System the corporate study

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00:22:08,96 --> 00:22:13,38
project of military command systems
operational assistance with a variety of

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00:22:13,38 --> 00:22:16,65
systems both military and
nonmilitary and character

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00:22:16,65 --> 00:22:21,52
and many research activities of importance
to the advancement of the system science

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is already the System Development Corporation
is exploring new approaches to system

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thought as exemplified by its experiments
in automated teaching the crisis in

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00:22:33,16 --> 00:22:37,95
education may be met in the future by
techniques being developed in computer based

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teaching machines individual students
are presented with information

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00:22:42,32 --> 00:22:46,87
and questions flashed on a screen by a
series of alternate routines in a computer

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00:22:46,87 --> 00:22:52,32
program a student is led from step to
step at a rate dependent upon his own

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learning speed student

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and computer communicate with each
other through an electric typewriter.

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A Random Access project

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00:22:59,93 --> 00:23:04,15
or directed by the computer quickly
selects the next slide to be shown to the

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student producing teaching materials

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and computer programs for large automated
educational systems may well be a major

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00:23:12,28 --> 00:23:17,23
task in the future of the System
Development Corp automated data processing

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00:23:17,97 --> 00:23:21,02
promises to bring better medical
care within the reach of everyone.

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00:23:21,72 --> 00:23:23,35
For example as D.C.

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Has conducted research in cooperation
with the Veterans Administration on

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00:23:27,30 --> 00:23:30,62
applications of electronic data
processing to clinical medicine

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00:23:30,62 --> 00:23:35,08
and medical research the biomedical
systems department of S.T.C.

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00:23:35,80 --> 00:23:40,33
Now is able to assist practicing
clinicians and researchers public health

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00:23:40,33 --> 00:23:45,48
and other agencies in obtaining benefits
from modern system technology in addition

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00:23:45,48 --> 00:23:50,34
to individual patient data processing the
system approach may also be applied to

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00:23:50,35 --> 00:23:55,28
large scale medical research An example
might be determining the level of

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00:23:55,28 --> 00:23:59,84
radioactivity present in certain segments
of our population which in turn my.

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00:24:00,00 --> 00:24:03,67
Be related to water and food
supplies climate geography

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00:24:03,67 --> 00:24:09,47
and other as yet unknown factors computer
analysis of these data will extend our

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00:24:09,47 --> 00:24:10,92
knowledge into new frontiers.

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00:24:12,17 --> 00:24:12,34
These

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00:24:12,35 --> 00:24:17,65
and many other areas of medicine may be the
new focus of attention of System Research

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00:24:17,65 --> 00:24:20,02
paving the way to better health

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00:24:21,08 --> 00:24:25,27
but the production of systems may extend
beyond medicine to the very foundation of

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00:24:25,27 --> 00:24:30,21
society as is being explored in a species
project leviathan as explained by the

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00:24:30,21 --> 00:24:36,43
director of the project the road project
is an investigation into large military

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00:24:36,43 --> 00:24:43,30
industrial and governmental organizations.
We induce a large scientific computer.

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00:24:43,55 --> 00:24:48,67
To operate in ways analogous to the
functioning of large social organizations

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00:24:49,45 --> 00:24:54,03
and learn about such organizations by
observing what the computer does in this

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00:24:54,03 --> 00:25:00,12
three dimensional model of the computer
programs these pegs represent the highest

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00:25:00,12 --> 00:25:01,49
level of command in the military

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00:25:02,48 --> 00:25:08,08
or top management in the industry as we
descend through the command structure at

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00:25:08,09 --> 00:25:08,67
these levels.

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00:25:09,09 --> 00:25:15,62
We have industrial middle management on
military middle command from the into media

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00:25:15,62 --> 00:25:19,59
management levels we move down
to the level of a foreman.

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00:25:19,73 --> 00:25:21,37
Or a nun commissioned officer.

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00:25:22,68 --> 00:25:24,97
These are represented by the colored balls

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00:25:24,97 --> 00:25:31,29
that we have here in turn these first
level supervisors are associated with

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00:25:31,29 --> 00:25:37,84
specific kinds of activity on the work
level this work might be the information

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00:25:37,84 --> 00:25:40,14
in a military intelligence outfit.

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00:25:40,65 --> 00:25:45,36
Or it might be the flow of production in
an industrial organization out of research

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00:25:45,36 --> 00:25:50,49
and experiments such as these may come the
major breakthroughs in man's ability to

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00:25:50,49 --> 00:25:53,46
develop and control systems
of increasing magnitude

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00:25:54,30 --> 00:25:59,06
and thus the technology of automated data
processing contributed to man's attempt

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00:25:59,06 --> 00:26:11,36
to bring order out of the Sun known extending
the boundaries of human knowledge.